Greenhouse Gas Emissions Potential from Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Sites
الشريط الجانبي للمقالة
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
Municipal solid waste landfills emit greenhouse gases (GHGs), which negatively impact human health and the environment. These gases include primarily methane and carbon dioxide. The present study focuses on estimating the landfill emissions across all Iraqi governorates for landfilling all municipal solid waste (MSW) using the LandGEM model, which has high accuracy and is issued by the EPA. This model was applied, with parameters modified for Iraqi conditions, to estimate GHG emissions. These parameters include methane generation potential (lo) and the Methane Generation Constant (k), which depend on Iraqi solid waste generation. Then, statistical analysis using SPSS was applied to verify the model used in this study. The results showed that in 2047, all governorates will achieve the maximum emissions due to the slow degradation of MSW organic fraction, which were 4.7×108, 2.1×108, 1.1×108, 1.4×108, 5.9×107, 3.7×107, 4.7×107, 3.2×107, 8.2×107, 8.9×107, 2.7×107 m3/year for Baghdad, Ninavah, Babel, Duhok, Sulaimaniah, Erbil, Diyala, Karbala, Wasit, Salahalden, Najaf, Nassriah, Basra, Ammara, respectively. This huge difference is due to population and solid waste composition. Furthermore, the total accumulated GHG emissions for all Iraqi governorates from 2022 through 2061, i.e., after 15 years of landfill closure, which represent the degradation of the almost entirely rapidly and slowly decomposing MSW organic fraction, are about 55×109 m3. To confirm LandGEM model results, a statistical model (ANOVA) was performed to estimate the generated greenhouse gas emissions in all Iraqi governorates as a function of time. The results showed that the coefficient of determination (R2) was high across all governorates, ranging from 0.963 to 0.974. Based on the results and the significant GHG emissions, sustainable management of MSW across all Iraqi governorates is necessary to reduce climate change and negative health impacts.
تفاصيل المقالة
القسم
هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
المراجع
Anssari OM, Alkaldy EA, Almudhaffar N, AlTaee AN, Ali NS. A Feasibility Study of Electrical Energy Generation from Municipal Solid Waste in Iraq: Najaf Case Study. International Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering 2020; 10(4): 3615–3623.
Al-Rawi SM, Al-Tayyar TA. A Study on Solid Waste Composition and Characteristics of Mosul City/Iraq. Science Journal of University of Zakho 2013; 1(2): 496–507.
Abbas RA, Kazim IS, Mahdi AH, Abdul-Hussein SH, Abdel-Mahdi S. Study the Case of the Evolution of Domestic Solid Waste Generated by Human Activities in the City of Baghdad and Characterization of Waste Can Be Retrieved. Engineering and Technology Journal 2015; 33(2B): 328–343.
Al-Anbari M, Thameer M, Al-Ansari N, Knutsson S. Estimation of Domestic Solid Waste Amount and Its Required Landfill Volume in Najaf Governorate-Iraq for the Period 2015-2035. Engineering 2016; 8(6): 339–346.
Garcia-Gutierrez P, Amadei AM, Klenert D, Nessi S, Tonini D, Tosches D, Ardente F, Saveyn H. Environmental and Economic Assessment of Plastic Waste Recycling: A Comparison of Mechanical, Physical, Chemical Recycling and Energy Recovery of Plastic Waste. Publications Office of the European Union 2023.
Tchobanoglous G, Theisen H, Vigil SA. Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues. McGraw-Hill 1993.
Taylor R, Allen A, Schmoll O, Howard G, Chilton J, Chorus I. Waste Disposal and Landfill: Potential Hazards and Information Needs. Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-Water Sources, World Health Organization 2006; 339–362.
Haro K, Ouarma I, Nana B, Bere A, Tubreoumya GC, Kam SZ, Laville P, Loubet B, Koulidiati J. Assessment of CH4 and CO2 Surface Emissions from Polesgo's Landfill (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) Based on Static Chamber Method. Advances in Climate Change Research 2019; 10(3): 181–191.
The International Energy Agency (IEA). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion. IEA Publications 2005.
Andriani D, Atmaja TD. The Potentials of Landfill Gas Production: A Review on Municipal Solid Waste Management in Indonesia. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 2019; 21: 1572–1586.
Fallahizadeh S, Rahmatinia M, Mohammadi Z, Vaezzadeh M, Tajamiri A, Soleimani H. Estimation of Methane Gas by LandGEM Model from Yasuj Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, Iran. MethodsX 2019; 6: 391–398.
Gollapalli M, Kota SH. Methane Emissions from a Landfill in North-East India: Performance of Various Landfill Gas Emission Models. Environmental Pollution 2018; 234: 174–180.
Ghosh P, Shah G, Chandra R, Sahota S, Kumar H, Vijay VK, Thakur IS. Assessment of Methane Emissions and Energy Recovery Potential from the Municipal Solid Waste Landfills of Delhi, India. Bioresource Technology 2019; 272: 611–615.
Mou Z, Scheutz C, Kjeldsen P. Evaluation and Application of Site-Specific Data to Revise the First-Order Decay Model for Estimating Landfill Gas Generation and Emissions at Danish Landfills. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2015; 65(6): 686–698.
Malakahmad A, Abualqumboz MS, Kutty SR, Abunama TJ. Assessment of Carbon Footprint Emissions and Environmental Concerns of Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal Techniques; Case Study of Malaysia. Waste Management 2017; 70: 282–292.
Kormi T, Ali NB, Abichou T, Green R. Estimation of Landfill Methane Emissions Using Stochastic Search Methods. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2017; 8(4): 597–605.
Sun W, Wang X, DeCarolis JF, Barlaz MA. Evaluation of Optimal Model Parameters for Prediction of Methane Generation from Selected US Landfills. Waste Management 2019; 91: 120–127.
Thompson S, Sawyer J, Bonam R, Valdivia JE. Building a Better Methane Generation Model: Validating Models with Methane Recovery Rates from 35 Canadian Landfills. Waste Management 2009; 29(7): 2085–2091.
Ramprasad C, Anandhu A, Abarna A. Quantification of Methane Emissions Rate Using LandGEM Model and Estimating the Hydrogen Production Potential from Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site. Nature Environment & Pollution Technology 2023; 22(4): 1537–1544.
Şentürk İ, Yıldırım B. A Study on Estimating of the Landfill Gas Potential from Solid Waste Storage Area in Sivas, Turkey. Scientific Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University 2020; 3(2): 63–76.
Sissakian VK, Al-Khalidi ZB. The Chronological Map of Iraq with Age-Lithology of the Exposed Geological Formation. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining 2012; 8(3): 1–13.
Lutfi S. Demographic Projection in Iraq from (1997-2007) by Using the Demography Program (Spectrum). Technical Journal 2008; 21: 109–127.
Al-Eideh BM, Al-Omar HO. Population Projection Model Using Exponential Growth Function with a Birth and Death Diffusion Growth Rate Processes. European Journal of Scientific Research 2019; 151(3): 271–276.
Alexander A, Burklin CE, Singleton A. Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM) Version 3.02 User's Guide. US Environmental Protection Agency 2005.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Quantification of Exposure: Development of the Emissions Inventory for the Inhalation Risk Assessment. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards 2004.
Al-Areedhi HH, Khayyun TS. Modelling of Groundwater Flow for the Iraqi Aquifers. PhD Thesis, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq 2019.
Massoud M, Merhebi F. Guide to Municipal Solid Waste Management. American University of Beirut-Nature Conservation Center 2016.
Qdais HA. Techno-Economic Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Jordan. Waste Management 2007; 27(11): 1666–1672.
Rupani PF, Maleki Delarestaghi R, Asadi H, Rezania S, Park J, Abbaspour M, Shao W. Current Scenario of the Tehran Municipal Solid Waste Handling Rules Towards Green Technology. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019; 16(6): 979.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2017 Fact Sheet. USEPA 2019.
Hammady KK, Al-Baghdady AN, Al-Anbary M. Analytical Study for Solid Waste Issue: Case Study for Selected Neighborhoods in Al-Hilla City. Al-Islamiya College Journal 2011; 1(4): 112–130.
Al-Massudy RM, Al-Hydary MS. Spatial Analysis of Residential Waste Solid in the City of Karbala. Journal of Kerbala University 2015; 13(4): 185–204.
Aziz SQ, Mustafa JS. Thermal and Financial Evaluations of Municipal Solid Waste from Erbil City-Iraq. 4th International Engineering Conference on Developments in Civil & Computer Engineering Applications 2018; 86–97.
Sulaymon AH, Ibraheem JA, Graimed BH. Household Behavior on Solid Waste Management a Case of Al-Kut City. Engineering and Technology Journal 2010; 28(24): 7037–7046.
Ibrahim JA, Graimed BH. Residential Solid Waste at Point of Generation. Wasit Journal for Science & Medicine 2010; 3(1): 142–156.
Rasan HH, Hatim WA, Hasan SM, Hady A. Study the Actual Solid Waste Management Status for Baquba City. Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 2016; 9: 1–12.
Tahir TA. Increasing Solid Waste Generation in Sulaimania City as a New Challenge to the Environment of the City. Eurasian Journal of Science and Engineering 2017; 3(2): 68–81.
Muhammed A, Karimi H, Gharab B, Neamat S, Mirzaei K. Assessment of the Quality of the Environment in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Journal of Civil Engineering Frontiers 2020; 1(1): 20–24.
Ibrahem MM, Salih KA. Using Solid Wastes of Tikrit City to Produce Electric Energy. Modern Environmental Science and Engineering 2015; 1(2): 94–103.
Abbas AA, Al-Rekabi WS, Yousif YT. Integrated Solid Waste Management for Urban Area in Basrah District. Journal of Babylon University 2016; 24(3): 666–675.
Al-Ameen JA, Al-Hamdany MA. Babylon Governorate Municipal Solid Waste Generation Rate. Journal of Engineering 2018; 24(9): 112–126.
Ghuli AQ, Khudair HA. The Composition and Rate of Emergence of Electrical Home Schools for the City Center of Tikrit and Determining the Optimal Sanitary Landfill Site. PhD Dissertation, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq 2011.
Hassan AS. Effect of Increasing Population Density on Air Temperature for Baghdad City. Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 2018; 29(1): 9–14.
Mahmood L, Al-Khashab H, Qassid A. Effect of Service Line on the Average Energy Consumption of Water Supply Pumping Station. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 2024; 22: 133–146.
Yasir RA, Abudi ZN. Characteristics and Compositions of Solid Waste in Nassiriya City. Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 2009; 2: 136–148.