Power Sharing and Frequency Control in Inverter-based Microgrids
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
In the recent period, developed countries have resorted to using smart grids more widely as a solution to the problems of shortage of electric power, because it is the most environmentally friendly due to its reliance on renewable energy sources and does not require expensive maintenance due to the proximity of its stations to the feeding areas. However, these networks faced problems in sharing the required power between the inverters of the user stations, as well as regulating their frequency when connected to the main network to fill the shortage of electrical energy. This paper aims to achieve the actual sharing of power (Active and Reactive) supply to the varying load between the smart grid inverters by designing a PID (Proportional, Integral, Derivative) controller. PID controller gain tuning by PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm which is based on PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) scaler that feeds the Microgrid inverter switches. Frequency control can be achieved when connecting Microgrid with the main grid by using PLL (Phase Locked Loop) to generate a controlled reference signal for the PID controller.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
References
Zhou X, Guo T, Ma Y. An overview on microgrid technology. 2015 IEEE international conference on mechatronics and automation (ICMA): IEEE; 2015. pp. 76-81.
Bayindir R, Hossain E, Kabalci E, Perez RJIJoRER. A comprehensive study on microgrid technology. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research,2014;4(4):1094-1107.
Asseter R, Akhil A, Marnay C, Stephens J, Dagle J, Guttromson R, Meliopoulous A, Yinger R, Eto J. Microgrid stability definitions, analysis, and examples. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2019;35(1):13-29.
Degobert P, Kreuawan S, Guillaud X. Micro-grid powered by photovoltaic and micro turbine.
Lasseter R, et al. The CERTS microgrid concept. White paper for Transmission Reliability Program, Office of Power Technologies, US Department of Energy, 2002;2(3):30.
Lee SB, Pathak C, Ramadesigan V, Gao W, Subramanian VRJJoTES. Direct, efficient, and real-time simulation of physics-based battery models for stand-alone pv-battery microgrids. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2017;164(11): E3026.
Jalil MF, Khatoon S, Nasiruddin I, Bansal RJIJoM, Simulation. Review of PV array modelling, configuration, and MPPT techniques. International Journal of Modelling Simulation, 2022;42(4):533-550.
Hasaneen B, Mohammed AAE. Design and simulation of DC/DC boost converter. 2008 12th International Middle-East Power System Conference: IEEE; 2008. pp. 335-340.
Masri S, Chan P. Design and development of a DC-DC boost converter with constant output voltage. 2010 international conference on intelligent and advanced systems: IEEE; 2010. pp. 1-4.
Erickson RW, Maksimovic D. Fundamentals of power electronics: Springer Science & Business Media; 2007.
Kollimalla SK, Mishra MKJIToEc. A novel adaptive P&O MPPT algorithm considering sudden changes in the irradiance. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2014;29(3):602-610.
Aboelsaud R, Ibrahim A, Garganeev AG. Voltage control of autonomous power supply systems based on PID controller under unbalanced and nonlinear load conditions. 2019 International Youth Conference on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE): IEEE; 2019. pp. 1-6.
Luo FL, Ye H. Advanced DC/AC inverters: applications in renewable energy: CRC Press; 2017.
Barr. Pulse width modulation. Embedded Systems Programming. MJESP, 2001;14(10):103-104.
Büyük M, Tan A, Tümay M, Bayındır KÇJR, Reviews SE. Topologies, generalized designs, passive and active damping methods of switching ripple filters for voltage source inverter: A comprehensive review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016;62:46-69.
Nagrath I. Control systems engineering: New Age International; 2006.
Goodwin GC, Graebe SF, Salgado ME. Control system design. Vol. 240: Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River; 2001.
Wang D, Tan D, Liu LJSc. Particle swarm optimization algorithm: an overview. Soft computing ,2018;22(2):387-408.
Solihin MI, Tack LF, Kean ML. Tuning of PID controller using particle swarm optimization (PSO). Proceeding of the international conference on advanced science, engineering and information technology; 2011. pp. 458-461.
Ashenden PJ, Peterson GD, Teegarden DA. The system designer's guide to VHDL-AMS: analog, mixed-signal, and mixed-technology modeling: Elsevier; 2002.