Affecting the Determination of Forming Limit Diagram for Sheet Metals
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The sheet metal forming is defined as the ability of metal to deform plastically (stretch forming) without necking or fracture. To control the sheets forming operation failure a diagram is used , in which the ; accepted forming , failure and critical regions are shown.This diagram is known as “Forming Limit Diagram”(FLD) . It is considered as an important tool todetermine the formability of sheet metals . The forming limit diagrams for Aluminum , low carbon Steel and Brass were constructed experimentally as received and after annealing (with and without lubrication). Results have shown that the forming limit diagram for Brass was the highest and for Aluminum was the lowest. Annealing and lubrication have increased FLD for all metals in different quantities . Highest values of strain limits were appeared in FLD using both annealing and lubrication in the same time (widening limit curve) specially in brass .
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Plaudit
References
Keeler S.P. and Backofen W.A., (1963) Plastic Instability and Fracture in Sheets Stretched Over Rigid Punches, Transactions of The ASM ,Vol. 56, 25-48.
Keeler.S.P(1968),”Circular Grid System”, A Valuable Aid For Evaluating Sheet Metal Formability,” Society of Automotive Engineers Technical Paper ,no.680093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4271/680092
Goodwin, G.M. (1968), Application of Strain Analysis to Sheet Metal Forming Problems in the Press Shop, Society of Automotive Engineers, technical paper no. . 680093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4271/680093
Veerman ,C.C., Hartman ,L.Peels,J.J(1971),” Determination of Appearing Strains and Admissible Strain in cold reduced sheets”, Sheet metal Industerial, Vol.98,pp678-680.
Marciniak, Z., Kuczynski, K. and Pokra, T., (1973),” Influence of The Plastic Properties of A Material On The Forming Limit Diagram For Sheet Metal In Tension”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., vol. 15, pp. 789-805. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7403(73)90068-4
Hecker.S.S. (1977)., Experimental studies of sheet stretchability. Proc. of Symp. on Formability Analysis— Modeling and E.,cperimentation, Chicago, IL, p. 150.
Padwal, S.B. and Chaturvedi, R.C. (1992), Prediction of Forming Limits Using Hosford’s Modified Yield Criterion, Int. J. Mech. Sci. vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 541-547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7403(92)90029-G
Tadros.A.K and Mellor. P.B.(1978),” An Experimental Study of the In-Plane Stretching of sheet metal , International Journal Mechanical Sciences, Vol.20,pp.121-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7403(78)90073-5
Kleemola H.J. and Kumpulainen J.O. (1980), Factors Influencing the Forming Limit Diagram: Part I-The Experimental Determination of the Forming Limits of Sheet Steel. Journal of Mechanical Working Technology, vol. 3, pp. 289-302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3804(80)90048-0
Gronostajski, J. and Dolny, A. (1980), Determination of Forming Limit Curves by Means of Marciniak Punch, Memories Scientifiques revue metallurgic, pp. 570-578 .
Hutchinson, J.W. and Neale, K.W., and Needleman, A. (1978a), Sheet Necking-II. Time-Independent Behavior, in Mechanics of Sheet Metal Forming, eds. D.P. Koistinen and N.M. Wang, Plentim. New York, pp. 111-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2880-3_5
Shakeri.M,A.Sadough and B.M.Dariani (2000) ,”Theoretical and Experimental analysis of sheet metal formability limits”,Rev.Metall.CIT Sci.Genie mater.,663- .670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/200097050663
Hill,R.(1948)”A theory of the yielding and plastic flow of anisotropic materials. Proceedings of Royal society of London 1948 : A193:281-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1948.0045
Kim,K.J;Choi,S.H.(2003),” Formability of AA5182/polypropylene/AA5182 Sandwich Journal of Materials Processing Technology 139, 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00173-0
Dieter,G.E.(1981),Mechanical Metallurgy, Second Edition ,McGraw-Hill Kogakusha.
Hitchcock- Manthey,LLC.http://www.surfacestrain.comUSA.
Wagoner.R.H., Chan.K.S, Keeler.S.P(1989), ”Forming limit Diagrams: Concepts , Methods ,and Applications”, Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 420 Commonwealth Drive , Warrendale , Pennsylvania 15086 , .776-9024)412(
Marciniak, Z. ; Duncan, J.L.(2002). Mechanics of Sheet Metal Forming . Butter worth-Heinemann .
Hecker,S.S.,(1975b)SimpleTechniqueforDetermining Forming Limit Curves. Sheet Metal Industries, pp. 671, .676
Higgins,R.A.(1984),Engineering Metallurgy, part one, Great Britain for Hodder and Stoughton Educational ,
Higgins,R.A.(1976), Engineering Metallurgy, part two, Great Britain for Hodder and Stoughton Educational ,
Lakhtin, YU.M.(1979)Engineering Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment , ” MIR Publishers Moscow.
AL Bassam F.A.(1983),” Study of the Effect of Some Parameters on Deep Drawing Process,Msc., Production sheets Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Technology,PP.2-12.
Dariani.B.M. and Azodi.H.D.(2003) ,”Finding the optimum Hill index in the determination of the forming limit diagram”, Journal of Engineering Manufacture .Vol.217.pp.1677-1683 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1243/095440503772680604
Grootenboer.H.J.,Huetink.H.J.(2002)“ Thermally Enhanced Forming of Aluminium Sheet Modelling and Experiments”,A.H.Van den Boogaard ,Hengelo,the Nether Lands,PP.83-87.
Parmar, A. and Mellor, P.B. (1978), Predictions of Limit Strains in Sheet Metal Using A More General Yield Criterion, Int. J. Mech. Sci., vol. 20, pp. 385-391. Woodthorpe.J.and Pearce R.(1969), Sheet metal Indust.46,1061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7403(78)90041-3
Graf, A. and Hosford, W.F. (1990), Calculations of forming limit diagrams. Metall. Trans. vol. 21A, pp. 87-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02656427
Gronostajski.J.Z.,Ali.W.J.,Gattas.M.S(1986) ”,.Advanced Technology of plasticity,“ Vol.1,pp423- 428,Speringer Verlag.
Hosford.W.F. ; Caddell.R.M.,.(1983).Metal Forming Mechanics and Metallurgy .Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey .