The Thermophysical Properties of Various Types of Evaporative Cooling Pads Materials
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The evaporative cooling system has better advantages than conventional systems in terms of the economic costs, methods of operation, energy consumption, and no pollution, as caused by the fluorocarbon gases and their role in increasing global warming. Although the cooling pads play a key role in evaporative cooling, their thermophysical properties have yet been thoroughly investigated. Hence, in the present investigation, four natural cooling pads’ materials thermophysical properties were tested, i.e., thermal conductivity, porosity, permeability, density, and moisture content. The studied cooling pads’ materials were straw, corrugated cardboard (COCA), palm fibers (PAFI), and alhagi graecorum (ALHGR). The experimental results showed that the ALHGR had the highest thermal conductivity, i.e., 0.0395 W/m.K, while the PAFI had the lowest thermal conductivity, i.e., 0.032 W/m.K. The density of the ALHGR was the highest, i.e., 704.5 kg/m3, while the PAFI had the lowest density, i.e., 355.76 kg/m3. From an economic perspective in terms of production and manufacturing cost, it was found that the ALHGR had the lowest cost, whilst the COCA was the most expensive one. From high to low porosity, of the materials were ordered as following: the PAFI, straw, COCA paper, and ALHGR. While the materials can be arranged in terms of permeability from the higher to smaller values as follows: PAFI, straw, COCA paper, and ALHGR. Consequently, the ALHGR can be considered as an excellent pad for evaporative cooling in houses, poultry, and halls due to its good thermophysical performance and low costs.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
References
Al-Shaalan AM. EER Improvement for Room Air-Conditioners in Saudi Arabia. Energy and Power Engineering 2012; 04(06): 439–446.
Nada SA, Elattar HF, Mahmoud MA, Fouda A. Performance Enhancement and Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Direct Evaporative Building Free Cooling Using Corrugated Cellulose Papers. Energy 2020; 211: 118678.
Sellam S-H, Moummi A, Mehdid C-E, Rouag A, Benmachiche A-H, Melhegueg M-A, et al. Experimental Performance Evaluation of Date Palm Fibers for a Direct Evaporative Cooler Operating in Hot and Arid Climate. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 2022; 36: 102119.
Salem TK, Khalaf SM, Mokhlif ND, Al-Jethelah MSM. Pad Type Impact on the Economical Direct-Evaporative Air Cooler Efficiency. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 2023; 45(3): 6949–6963.
Cengel Y, Boles M. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 8th ed, McGraw Hill, 2015.
Suranjan Salins S, Kumar S, Kartik RK, Reddy SVK. Numerical Analysis-Based Performance Prediction in a Direct Evaporative Cooler Used for Building Cooling. Journal of Building Performance Simulation 2022; 15(2): 237–250.
Mishra PR, Somwanshi A, Gaba VK. Experimental Investigation of Locally Available Torai (Luffa Cylindrica) as Evaporative Cooling Pads. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 2023; 45(1): 2523–2539.
Manimaran P, Solai Senthil Kumar K, Prithiviraj M. Investigation of Physico Chemical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of the Albizia Lebbeck Bark Fibers. Journal of Natural Fibers 2021; 18(8): 1151–1162.
Jha SN, Kudos SK. Determination of Physical Properties of Pads for Maximizing Cooling in Evaporative Cooled Store. Journal of Agricultural Engineering 2006; 43(4): 92–97.
Abdul-Munaim AM. Pad Mass and Thickness Relationship to the Performance of Evaporative Cooling Unite for Poultry House. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2009; 40(2): 172–179.
Putra IMFA, Wijaksana H, Surya IGTP. Experimental Study of Permeability Characteristics of Bamboo Betung Activated Carbon as Alternative Pad Material for Direct Evaporative Cooling System. Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal 2023; 3(1): 150–171.
Bishoyi D, Sudhakar K. Experimental Performance of a Direct Evaporative Cooler in Composite Climate of India. Energy and Buildings 2017; 153: 190–200.
Soponpongpipat N, Kositchaimongkol S. Recycled High-Density Polyethylene and Rice Husk as a Wetted Pad in Evaporative Cooling System. American Journal of Applied Sciences 2011; 8(2): 186–191.
Casey SP, Aydin D, Riffat S, Elvins J. Salt Impregnated Desiccant Matrices for ‘Open’ Thermochemical Energy Storage—Hygrothermal Cyclic Behaviour and Energetic Analysis by Physical Experimentation. Energy and Buildings 2015; 92: 128–139.
Zhao X, Liu S, Riffat SB. Comparative Study of Heat and Mass Exchanging Materials for Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems. Building and Environment 2008; 43(11): 1902–1911.
Abohorlu Doğramacı P, Riffat S, Gan G, Aydın D. Experimental Study of the Potential of Eucalyptus Fibres for Evaporative Cooling. Renewable Energy 2019; 131: 250–260.
Jain JK, Hindoliya DA. Experimental Performance of New Evaporative Cooling Pad Materials. Sustainable Cities and Society 2011; 1(4): 252–256.
Kulkarni RK, Rajput SPS, Gutte SA, Patil DM. Laboratory Performance of Evaporative Cooler Using Jute Fiber Ropes as Cooling Media. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 2014; 4(12): 234–278.
Kouchakzadeh A, Brati A. The Evaluation of Bulk Charcoal as Greenhouse Evaporative Cooling Pad. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal 2013; 15(2): 188–193.
Han R, Xu Z, Qing Y. Study of Passive Evaporative Cooling Technique on Water-Retaining Roof Brick. Procedia Engineering 2017; 180: 986–992.
Yunus CA, Afshin JG. Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications. 5th ed, McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.
Mohapatra RC, Mishra A, Bhushan Choudhury B. Investigations on Thermal Conductivity of Palm Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 2014; 11(1): 48–52.
Janna WS. Engineering Heat Transfer. CRC Press, 2009.
Salem TK, Jassem RR, Farhan SS. An Experimental and Analytical Study to Show the Effect of the Reinforced Carbon Fiber Percentages on the Epoxy Thermal Conductivity and the Heatsink Performance. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science 2016; 2(8).
Bejan A. Convection Heat Transfer. 4th ed, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2013.
Soltani P, Taban E, Faridan M, Samaei SE, Amininasab S. Experimental and Computational Investigation of Sound Absorption Performance of Sustainable Porous Material: Yucca Gloriosa Fiber. Applied Acoustics 2020; 157: 106999.
Yang H, Li Y, Ma B, Zhu Y. Review and a Theoretical Approach on Pressure Drop Correlations of Flow through Open-Cell Metal Foam. Materials 2021; 14(12): 3153.
Rosti ME, Pramanik S, Brandt L, Mitra D. The Breakdown of Darcy’s Law in a Soft Porous Material. Soft Matter 2020; 16(4): 939–944.
Boukhattem L, Boumhaout M, Hamdi H, Benhamou B, Ait Nouh F. Moisture Content Influence on the Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Building Materials made from Date Palm Fibers Mesh. Construction and Building Materials 2017; 148: 811–823.
Parasakthibala G, Monisha AS. A Review on Natural Fibers; its Properties and Application over Synthetic Fibers. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 2022; 10(8): 1894–1897.
Petroudy SRD. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibers. Advanced High Strength Natural Fibre Composites in Construction Elsevier, 2017.
Sajid L, Azmami O, El Ahmadi Z, Benayada A, Gmouh S. Extraction and Characterization of Palm Fibers and their Use to Produce Wool- and Polyester-Blended Nonwovens. Journal of Industrial Textiles 2021; 51(2): 177–205.
Hong S-N, Yu C-J, Hwang U-S, Kim C-H, Ri B-H. Effect of Porosity and Temperature on Thermal Conductivity of Jennite: A Molecular Dynamics Study. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2020; 250: 123146.
Rebolledo P, Cloutier A, Yemele M-C. Effect of Density and Fiber Size on Porosity and Thermal Conductivity of Fiberboard Mats. Fibers 2018; 6(4): 81.
Sahu P, Gupta M. Water Absorption Behavior of Cellulosic Fibres Polymer Composites: A Review on its Effects and Remedies. Journal of Industrial Textiles 2022; 51(5_suppl): 7480S-7512S.
Karakoti A, Tripathy P, Kar VR, Jayakrishnan K, Rajesh M, Manikandan M. Finite Element Modeling of Natural Fiber-Based Hybrid Composites. Modelling of Damage Processes in Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites Woodhead Publishing, 2019.
Begum HA, Tanni TR, Shahid MA. Analysis of Water Absorption of Different Natural Fibers. Journal of Textile Science and Technology 2021; 07(04): 152–160.